INTRODUCTION TO THE PYTHON
Python is a popular programming language. It was created by Guido van Rossum, and released in 1991.
- web development (server-side),
- software development,
- mathematics,
- system scripting.
What can Python do?
Python is a programming language.
Python can be used on a server to create web applications.
- Python can be used on a server to create web applications.
- Python can be used alongside software to create workflows.
- Python can connect to database systems. It can also read and modify files.
- Python can be used to handle big data and perform complex mathematics.
- Python can be used for rapid prototyping, or for production-ready software development.
Why Python?
- Python works on different platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux, Raspberry Pi, etc).
- Python has a simple syntax similar to the English language.
- Python has syntax that allows developers to write programs with fewer lines than some other programming languages.
- Python runs on an interpreter system, meaning that code can be executed as soon as it is written. This means that prototyping can be very quick.
- Python can be treated in a procedural way, an object-orientated way or a functional way.
Good to know
- The most recent major version of Python is Python 3, which we shall be using in this tutorial. However, Python 2, although not being updated with anything other than security updates, is still quite popular.
- In this tutorial Python will be written in a text editor. It is possible to write Python in an Integrated Development Environment, such as Thonny, Pycharm, Netbeans or Eclipse which are particularly useful when managing larger collections of Python files.
Python Syntax compared to other programming languages
- Python was designed for readability, and has some similarities to the English language with influence from mathematics.
- Python uses new lines to complete a command, as opposed to other programming languages which often use semicolons or parentheses.
- Python relies on indentation, using whitespace, to define scope; such as the scope of loops, functions and classes. Other programming languages often use curly-brackets for this purpose.
Python Install
Many PCs and Macs will have python already installed.To check if you have python installed on a Windows PC, search in the start bar for Python or run the following on the Command Line (cmd.exe):
C:\Users\Your Name>python --version
python --version
Python Quickstart
Python is an interpreted programming language, this means that as a developer you write Python (.py) files in a text editor and then put those files into the python interpreter to be executed.The way to run a python file is like this on the command line:
C:\Users\Your Name>python helloworld.py
Let's write our first Python file, called hello world.py, which can be done in any text editor.
helloworld.py
print("Hello, World!")
Simple as that. Save your file. Open your command line, navigate to the directory where you saved your file, and run:
C:\Users\Your Name>python hello world.py
The output should read:
Hello, World!
Congratulations, you have written and executed your first Python program.
The Python Command Line
To test a short amount of code in python sometimes it is quickest and
easiest not to write the code in a file. This is made possible because
Python can be run as a command line itself.
Type the following on the Windows, Mac or Linux command line:
C:\Users\Your Name>python
Or, if the "python" command did not work, you can try "py":
Python Syntax
Execute Python Syntax
As we learned in the previous page, Python syntax can be executed by writing directly in the Command Line:
>>> print("Hello, World!")
Hello, World!
Or by creating a python file on the server, using the .py file extension, and running it in the Command Line:
C:\Users\Your Name>python myfile.py
Python Indentation
Indentation refers to the spaces at the beginning of a code line.
Where in other programming languages the indentation in code is for readability
only, the indentation in Python is very important.
Python uses indentation to indicate a block of code.
Example
if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")
Python will give you an error if you skip the indentation:
Example
Syntax Error:
if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")
The number of spaces is up to you as a programmer, but it has
to be at least one.
Example
if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")
if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")
You have to use the same number of spaces in the same block of code,
otherwise Python will give you an error:
Example
Syntax Error:
if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")
print("Five is greater than
two!")
Python Variables
In Python variables are created the moment you assign a value to it:
Example
Variables in Python:
x = 5
y = "Hello, World!"
Python has no command for declaring a variable.
You will learn more about variables in the
Python Variables chapter.
Comments
Python has commenting capability for the purpose of in-code documentation.
Comments start with a #, and Python will render the rest of the line as a comment:
Example
Comments in Python:
#This is a comment.
print("Hello, World!")
Python Variables
Creating Variables
Variables are containers for storing data values.
Unlike other programming languages, Python has no command for declaring a variable.
A variable is created the moment you first assign a value to it.
Example
x = 5
y = "John"
print(x)
print(y)
Variables do not need to be declared with any particular type and can even change type after they have been set.
Example
x = 4 # x is of type int
x = "Sally" # x is now of type str
print(x)
String variables can be declared either by using single or double quotes:
Example
x = "John"
# is the same asx =
'John'
Variable Names
A variable can have a short name (like x and y) or a more descriptive name (age, carname, total_volume).
Rules for Python variables:
- A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character
- A variable name cannot start with a number
- A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )
- Variable names are case-sensitive (age, Age and AGE are three different variables)
Assign Value to Multiple Variables
Python allows you to assign values to multiple variables in one line:Example
x, y, z = "Orange", "Banana", "Cherry"
print(x)
print(y)
print(z)
Example
x = y = z = "Orange"
print(x)
print(y)
print(z)
Output Variables
The Pythonprint statement is often used to output variables.To combine both text and a variable, Python uses the
+ character:Example
x = "awesome"
print("Python is " + x)
+ character to add a variable to another variable:Example
x = "Python is "
y = "awesome"
z = x + y
print(z)
+ character works as a mathematical operator:Example
x = 5
y = 10
print(x + y)
Example
x = 5
y = "John"
print(x + y)
Global Variables
Variables that are created outside of a function (as in all of the examples above) are known as global variables.Global variables can be used by everyone, both inside of functions and outside.
Example
Create a variable outside of a function, and use it inside the function
x = "awesome"
def myfunc():
print("Python is " + x)
myfunc()
Example
Create a variable inside a function, with the same name as the global variable
x = "awesome"
def myfunc():
x = "fantastic"
print("Python is " + x)
myfunc()
print("Python is " + x)
The global Keyword
Normally, when you create a variable inside a function, that variable is local, and can only be used inside that function.To create a global variable inside a function, you can use the
global keyword.Example
If you use theglobal keyword, the variable belongs to the global scope:
def myfunc():
global x
x = "fantastic"
myfunc()
print("Python is " + x)
global keyword if you want to change a global variable inside a function. Python Data Types
Built-in Data Types
In programming, data type is an important conceptVariables can store data of different types, and different types can do different things.
Python has the following data types built-in by default, in these categories:
Getting the Data Type
You can get the data type of any object by using thetype() function:Example
Print the data type of the variable x:x = 5
print(type(x))
Setting the Data Type
In Python, the data type is set when you assign a value to a variablePython OperatorsPython OperatorsOperators are used to perform operations on variables and values.Python divides the operators in the following groups:
Python Arithmetic OperatorsArithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform common mathematical operations:
Python Assignment OperatorsAssignment operators are used to assign values to variables:
Python Comparison OperatorsComparison operators are used to compare two values:
|
Comments